Air Pollution and Interstitial Lung Disease

Jo, Yong Suk; Song, Jin Woo

doi:.0..

Tuberc Respir Dis > Accepted Articles

Review

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4046/trd.2024.0116 [Accepted]
Published online November 14, 2024.

Air Pollution and Interstitial Lung Disease

Yong Suk Jo, MD, PhD¹, Jin Woo Song, MD, PhD²

¹Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
²Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Correspondence: Jin Woo Song, Tel: +82-2-3010-3993, Fax: +82-2-3010-6968,
Email: jwsongasan@gmail.com

Received: 3 August 2024 • Revised: 11 October 2024 • Accepted: 7 November 2024

Abstract

This review article explores the multifaceted relationship between air pollution and interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), particularly focusing on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most severe form of fibrotic ILD. Air pollutants are mainly composed of particulate matter (PM), ozone (O₃), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). They are recognized as risk factors for several respiratory diseases. However, their specific effects on ILDs and related mechanisms have not been thoroughly studied yet. Emerging evidence suggests that air pollutants may contribute to the development and acute exacerbation of ILDs. Longitudinal studies have indicated that air pollution can adversely affect the prognosis of disease by decreasing lung function and increasing mortality. Lots of in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiologic studies have proposed possible mechanisms linking ILDs to air pollution, including inflammation and oxidative stress induced by exposure to air pollutants, which may induce mitochondrial dysfunction, promote cellular senescence, and disrupt normal epithelial repair processes. Despite these findings, effective interventions to mitigate effects of air pollution on ILD are not well established yet. This review emphasizes the urgent need to address air pollution as a key environmental risk factor for ILDs and calls for further studies to clarify its effects and develop preventive and therapeutic strategies.

Key Words: Interstitial Lung Disease, Air pollution, Prognosis

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